loader/efi/chainloader: Use grub_loader_set_ex()

This ports the EFI chainloader to use grub_loader_set_ex() in order to fix
a use-after-free bug that occurs when grub_cmd_chainloader() is executed
more than once before a boot attempt is performed.

Fixes: CVE-2022-28736

Signed-off-by: Chris Coulson <chris.coulson@canonical.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com>