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* [ZLib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlib) is a software library used for data compression, which is used by the gzip file compression program. This benchmark is memory intensive, so its results will reflect the speed of the RAM. The Librem 5 does well in this benchmark due to its fast LPDDR4-3200 (1600MHz) DRAM. In comparison, the T450s, Raspberry Pi 4B and Pinephone (Mobian) use DDR3-3200 (1600MHz), LPDDR4-2400 (1200MHz) and LPDDR3-1104 ([552MHz](https://forum.pine64.org/showthread.php?tid=9832&pid=73266#pid73266)) DRAM, respectively. The PinePhone's weak score on this benchmark reflects its slower DRAM clock. The A64 processor in the PinePhone supports DDR3-1333 (667MHz), but [does not specify its top LPDDR3 speed](https://forum.pine64.org/showthread.php?tid=9832&pid=75510#pid75510), so the distros are experimenting with [different clock speeds](https://forum.pine64.org/polls.php?action=showresults&pid=43).
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* [Fast Fourier Transforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform) (FFT) converts a signal to frequencies and vice-versa. It is used in audio digital signal processing and image signal processing, and is an indication how fast a processor can process video in software, which will be necessary in both the Librem 5 and PinePhone, since the i.MX 8M Quad doesn't have hardware video encoding and the free Sunxi drivers [don't support](https://linux-sunxi.org/Cedrus#Supported_codec_matrix) the A64's hardware video encoding.
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* [Ray tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_%28graphics%29) is a rendering technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light as pixels in an image plane and simulating the effects of its encounters with virtual objects. Like FFT, this benchmark tests how well the processor deals with floating point numbers (i.e. numbers with decimal points).
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* [glmark2](https://github.com/glmark2/glmark2) is a benchmark using [OpenGL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL) 2.0 and OpenGL ES 2.0, which are API's for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics. This benchmark indicates how well the device will be able to play games. The benchmark was run using OpenGL ES 2.0, since that is the graphics API used by most mobile games and in Wayland, which is used by PureOS/Phosh and most PinePhone distros.<br><br>Note that the A64 in the PinePhone does not support graphics API's above OpenGL ES 2.0, and the i.MX 8M Quad in the Librem 5 is currently limited to OpenGL 2.1 and OpenGL ES 2.0 by its free [Etnaviv](https://github.com/etnaviv) driver, so neither device will be able to play OpenGL ES 3 or Vulkan games. Free drivers for Vulkan drivers were [recently released](https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/vulkan-update-now-with-added-source-code/) for the Raspberry Pi 4, so Vulkan support may eventually also be added to the Etnaviv drivers, but it is hard to predict if and when it may happen.
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* [glmark2](https://github.com/glmark2/glmark2) is a benchmark using [OpenGL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL) 2.0 and OpenGL ES 2.0, which are API's for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics. This benchmark indicates how well the device will be able to play games. The benchmark was run using OpenGL ES 2.0, since that is the graphics API used by most mobile games and in Wayland, which is used by PureOS/Phosh and most PinePhone distros.<br><br>Note that the A64 in the PinePhone does not support graphics API's above OpenGL ES 2.0, and the i.MX 8M Quad in the Librem 5 is currently limited to OpenGL 2.1 and OpenGL ES 2.0 by its free [Etnaviv](https://github.com/etnaviv) driver, so neither device will be able to play OpenGL ES 3 or Vulkan games. A free Vulkan driver was [recently released](https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/vulkan-update-now-with-added-source-code/) for the VideoCore GPU in the Raspberry Pi 4B. Support for OpenGL ES 3.0/3.1 and Vulkan 1.0 may eventually be added to the Etnaviv driver as well, but it is hard to predict if and when it may happen.
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